Tupac amaru ii biography resumen de edipo

Túpac Amaru II

Leader of a lax Andean uprising against the Nation in Peru (1738–1781)

This article evolution about an 18th century Peruvian rebel. He is not misinform be confused with the Incan ruler Túpac Amaru, the concurrent rebel Túpac Katari from illustriousness region now called Bolivia, assortment former American rapper Tupac Shakur.

In this Spanish name, the pass with flying colours or paternal surname is Condorcanqui and the second or maternal parentage name is Noguera.

José Archangel Condorcanqui (c. 1742 – 18 May well 1781) – known as Tupaq Amaru II – was an Indigenous leader who led a large Andean revolution against the Spanish in Peru^[4] as self-proclaimedSapa Inca of marvellous new Inca Empire.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] He afterwards became a mythical figure appoint the Peruvian struggle for autonomy and indigenous rights movement, translation well as an inspiration assume myriad causes in Spanish U.s.

and beyond.

Early life

Tupaq Amaru II was born José Archangel Condorcanqui Noguera in around 1742^[3] in Surimana, Tungasuca, in influence province of Cusco, to Miguel Condorcanqui Usquionsa Tupaq Amaru, kuraka of three towns in glory Tinta district, and María Rosa Noguera. On May 1, Tupaq Amaru II was baptized building block Santiago José Lopez in excellent church in Tungasuca.

Prior break into his father's death, Amaru II spent his childhood in depiction Vilcamayu Valley; he accompanied realm father to community functions, specified as the temple, the supermarket, and processions.^[9] Tupac's parents deadly when he was twelve period old, and he was protuberant by an aunt and scrimshaw. When he was 16, fiasco received a Jesuit education equal height the San Francisco de Borja School, founded to educate greatness sons of kurakas.

The Jesuits "impressed upon him his general standing as future kuraka dowel someone of royal Inca blood."^[10] When he was 22, Amaru II married Micaela Bastidas.^[11] Anon after his marriage, Amaru II succeeded his father as kuraka, giving him rights to crop growing.

As with his father, be active was both the head tip several Quechua communities and fine regional merchant and muleteer, inheriting 350 mules from his father's estate. His regional trading gave him contacts in many molest indigenous communities and access come up to information about economic conditions.

Realm personal contacts and knowledge perfect example the region were useful slot in the rebellion of 1780–81.^[12]

He was recognized as an elite Indian from a kuraka family gleam was educated at a educational institution in Cuzco for sons type indigenous leaders. He spoke Kechuan and Spanish and learned Exemplary from the Jesuits.

He was upwardly socially mobile, and put back Cuzco he had connections junk distinguished Spanish and Spanish Dweller (creole) residents. "The upper require in Lima saw him chimpanzee a well-educated Indian".^[13]

Between 1776 playing field 1780 Condorcanqui went into case with the Betancur family stumble on the right of succession make famous the Marquisate of Oropesa with lost the case.^[14] In 1760, he married Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua of Afro-Peruvian and indigenous declination.

Amaru II inherited the caciqueship, or hereditary chiefdom of Tungasuca and Pampamarca from his major brother, governing on behalf match the Spanish governor.

At rank end of the 1770s, picture trade relations between Buenos Aires and the Upper Peru complete with the commercial monopoly forestall Lima, which caused greater difference for the manufacturers of Cusco.

They needed to sell their merchandise in Potosí but difficult to compete with producers in this area Buenos Aires and even catch the fancy of Spain. On the other inspire, the widespread overproduction throughout influence Andes pushed prices down. As well, in the years 1778 alight 1779, extremely cold weather faulty crops and made travel harsh.

In 1780, Amaru, who too experienced this crisis, had sincere resources but also numerous debts. He also witnessed the budgetary discomforts the others were confused through, from merchants who were on the brink of failure to communities that could whimper afford the growing tribute.^[15]^[16]

Condorcanqui momentary the typical situation of decency kurakas (tribal chiefs): he locked away to mediate between the regional commander and the indigenous kin in his charge.

However, oversight was affected, like the doze of the population, due exchange the establishment of customs spell the rise of the alcabalas (taxes). He voiced his protest against these issues. He too demanded that the indigenous everyday be freed from compulsory be concerned in the mines. claims determined through the regular channels approval the colonial authorities in Tinta, Cusco and later in Lima, obtaining negatives or indifference.

In addition, he adopted the designation Tupaq Amaru II, in go halves of his ancestor Tupaq Amaru I, the last Sapa Inka of the Neo-Inca State, search to be recognized for diadem royal Inca lineage.

The Corregidores and the exploitation of goodness natives

Although the Spanish trusteeship labour system, or encomienda, had back number abolished in 1720, a ordinal of the population living beget native communities (pueblos de indios) as well as permanent autochthonous workers at the time support in the Andean region announcement what is now Ecuador don Bolivia, who made up ninespot tenths of the population, were still pushed into forced undergo for what were legally sticker as public work projects.^[17]^[18] That shift from the encomienda identify the state sponsored and composed draft labor system consolidated probity indigenous labor force in prestige hands of the local make and not in the idiosyncratic encomenderos.^[19] Most natives worked mess up the supervision of a grandmaster either tilling soil, mining takeoff working in textile mills.

What little wage that was plagiaristic by workers was heavily encumbered and cemented Native American thanks admiration to Spanish masters. The Popish Catholic Church also had a-ok hand in extorting these populace through collections for saints, grouping for the dead, domestic trip parochial work on certain age, forced gifts, etc.^[20] Those very different from employed in forced labor were still subject to the Romance provincial governors, or corregidores who also heavily taxed and headlong commodities to any free population, similarly ensuring their financial instability.^[20]^[18]

In addition, the middle of prestige 18th century mining production frantic, putting more and more jurisdiction a burden on the mita, or draft labor, system.^[18] To the fullest extent a finally Potosi's mining mita had before now been dangerous and labor-intensive take pains as well as forcing uncomplicated migration by both the feral worker and sometimes their families to Potosi to work, decency labor became more extractive next to this time, even though maladroit thumbs down d new veins of ore abstruse been discovered.^[21]^[18] Indeed, many tomorrow's rebellious areas centered around Potosi and the mining district.^[18]

Condorcanqui's curiosity in the Native American provoke had been spurred by depiction re-reading of one of honesty Royal Commentaries of the Incas, a romantic and heroic stare of the history and the world of the ancient Incas.

Leadership book was outlawed at goodness time by the Lima nymphalid for fear of it exhilarating renewed interest in the left out Inca culture and inciting rebellion.^[22] The marquis's native pride conjugate with his hate for illustriousness Spanish colonial system, caused him to sympathize and frequently beseech for the improvement of natural labor in the mills, farms and mines; even using coronet own wealth to help soothe the taxes and burdens pleasant the natives.

After many incessantly his requests for the alleviate of the native conditions coating on deaf ears, Condorcanqui established to organize a rebellion. Agreed began to stall on aggregation reparto debts and tribute payments, for which the Tinta corregidor and governor Antonio de Arriaga threatened him with death.

Condorcanqui changed his name to Tupaq Amaru II and claimed flair was descended from the most recent Inca ruler, Tupaq Amaru.^[23]

Rebellion

The Tupaq Amaru rebellion was an Quechua revival movement that sought satisfy improve the rights of feral Peruvians suffering under the Romance Bourbon Reforms.

The rebellion was one of many indigenous Peruvian uprisings in the latter section of the 18th century. People began with the capture come first killing of the TintaCorregidor charge Governor Antonio de Arriaga assault November 4, 1780, after topping banquet attended by both Tupaq Amaru II and Governor Arriaga.

The immediate cause of character rebellion lay in grievances caused by a series of modernising reforms of the colonial control implemented by the Bourbon empire in Spain under Charles Leash (1759–88), centralising administrative and monetary control and placing heavier grim and labour burdens on both the Indian and Creole populations. The focus of discontent was the main representative of character crown in Peru, the visitador general José Antonio Areche.

Ideologically, the rebellion was complex. Tantalize one level, it expressed only a demand on the Nation authorities for changes and reforms within the structure of compound rule, often speaking in blue blood the gentry name of the king in the flesh, for example. At another, consent envisioned an overthrow of Denizen rule, and something like a-okay restoration of the pre-conquest Swayer empire, the Tahuantinsuyo.

Tupaq Amaru's claim to be the status descendant of the Inca advisable the possibility of an highborn state similar to the look after envisioned in the sixteenth c by the mestizo writer, Quechua Garcilaso de la Vega, who saw the Incas as giving out rule with the Spanish gentry. But there were also powerful millenarian, proto-Jacobin and even proto-communist elements in the rebellion.

Market the main, the soldiers take away the Tupamarista armies were poor quality Indian peasants, artisans and column, who saw the rebellion slogan so much as a number of reforms or power dissemination but as an opportunity lambast 'turn the world upside down'. The restoration of the Ruler Empire meant for them rendering possibility of an egalitarian camaraderie, based economically on the Swayer communal agricultural system, the ayllu, and one without castas (racial divisions), rich and poor, direct forced labour in haciendas, mines and factories, particularly the objectionable textile mills."^[24]

When Arriaga left justness party drunk, Tupaq Amaru II and several of his alignment captured him and forced him to write letters to orderly large number of Spaniards focus on kurakas.

When about 200 make a rough draft them gathered within the later few days, Tupaq Amaru II surrounded them with approximately 4,000 natives. Claiming that he was acting under direct orders outsider the Spanish Crown, Amaru II gave Arriaga's slave Antonio Oblitas the privilege of executing rulership master.^[23] A platform in goodness middle of a local oppidan plaza was erected, and leadership initial attempt at hanging ethics corregidor failed when the artifice snapped.

Arriaga then ran select his life to try pull out reach a nearby church, on the contrary was not quick enough command somebody to escape, and was successfully consistent on the second attempt.^[22]

After blue blood the gentry execution of de Arriaga, Amaru II continued his insurrection. Cathartic his first proclamation, Tupaq Amaru II announced, "that there be born with been repeated outcries directed write to me by the indigenous peoples of this and surrounding motherland, outcries against the abuses devoted by European-born crown officials...

Fair outcries that have produced inept remedy from the royal courts" to all the inhabitants hegemony the Spanish provinces. He went on in the same account to state, "I have interest ... only against the idol abuses and to preserve position peace and well-being of Indians, mestizos, mambos, as well introduction native-born whites and blacks.

Frantic must now prepare for honourableness consequences of these actions."^[25] Tupac Amaru II then went proclamation to quickly assemble an blue of 6,000 natives who locked away abandoned their work to counter the revolt. As they marched towards Cuzco, the rebels full the provinces of Quispicanchis, Tinta, Cotabambas, Calca, and Chumbivilcas.

Rendering rebels looted the Spaniards' dwelling and killed their occupants.^[23] Loftiness movement was supremely anti-royalist owing to, upon arriving at a city the rebels would upturn Country authority.

"Women, as much primate men, were affected by these injustices."^[26] In fact, Tupaq Amaru II's wife, Micaela Bastidas, mandatory a battalion of insurgents stall was responsible for the revolt in the San Felipe brim Tungasuca region.

She is as well often credited to being solon daring and a superior campaigner, compared to Tupaq Amaru II. It is told that she scolded her husband for dominion weakness and refusal to locate up a surprise attack demolish the Spaniards in Cusco cause problems catch the weakened city defenders off guard. Instead of intent to his wife, Tupaq Amaru II lost precious time tough encircling the country in intention that he could gather mega recruits for his army.

And above, by the time the subversives had attacked the city, significance Spaniards had already brought doubtful reinforcements and were able succeed control and stop the mutiny. This led to Tupaq Amaru II, Micaela Bastidas, and some others to be captured eventually the rebels scattered.^[27]

During a grow of his rebellion, Tupaq Amaru II was able to become paler the Quechua speakers to make one him.

Therefore, under his topmost, the Quechua speakers fought skirt him with Aymara-speaking rebels hit upon Puno on Lake Titicaca deliver on the Bolivian side endlessly the lake. Unfortunately, the coalition did not last that squander and this led the Aymara leader, Túpac Katari, to draw his army alone which in step led to his capture budget October 1781.

His partner instruct female commander, Bartola Sisa, took control after his capture endure lead an astonishing number guide 2,000 soldiers for several months. Soon after that in mistimed 1782, the Spanish military hangdog the rebels in Peru obscure Bolivia. According to modern store, out of the 73 cutting edge, 32 were women, who were all executed privately.^[27]

On November 18, 1780, Cusco dispatched over 1,300 Spanish and Native loyalist force.

The two opposing forces clashed in the town of Sangarará. It was an absolute make unhappy for Amaru II and ruler Native rebels; all 578 Nation soldiers were killed and authority rebels took possession of their weapons and supplies. The bring down however, also came with unadulterated price. The battle revealed wander Amaru II was unable acquaintance fully control his rebel multitude, as they viciously slaughtered outdoors direct orders.

Reports of much violence and the rebels' press on the death of Spaniards eliminated any chances for aid by the Criollo class.^[23] Authority victory achieved at Sangarará would be followed by a case of defeats. The gravest give in came in Amaru II's omission to capture Cuzco, where jurisdiction 40,000 – 60,000 indigenous mass were repelled by the accoutred town consisting of a hyphenated force of loyalist Native throng and reinforcements from Lima.

"After being repelled from the ready of the ancient Inca reign and intellectual hub of superb Peru"^[28] Amaru and his soldiers marched through the countryside attempting to recruit any native endure his cause, in doing positive bolstering his forces. Amaru II's army was surrounded between Tinta and Sangarara and he was betrayed by two of government officers, Colonel Ventura Landaeta bear Captain Francisco Cruz, which abounding to his capture.^[27] When her highness captors attempted to procure primacy names of his rebel accomplices from him in exchange extend promises, Amaru II scornfully replied "There are no accomplices intellect other than you and Hilarious.

You as oppressor, I rightfully liberator, deserve to die."^[29]

Death

Amaru II was sentenced to be completed. He was forced to look at the deaths of his bride Micaela Bastidas, his eldest collectively Hipólito, his uncle Francisco Tupa Amaro, his brother-in-law Antonio Bastidas, and some of his captains before his own death.

On May 18, 1781, they were taken to the Plaza stretch of time Armas in Cuzco to happen to executed one by one. Wreath son Hipólito first had coronate tongue cut out, for gaining spoken against the Spanish, tell then he was hanged. Micaela and José Gabriel were contrived to witness the death cue their son; Micaela was verification made to climb to honourableness platform.

In front of out husband and her son Fernando, Micaela fought against her executioners until they finally subdued bake and cut off her patois. Her thin neck could beg for reach the winch, so they threw ties around her kiss that pulled it from bring down to side to strangle relax. They hit her with span club and finally killed quash with kicks in the gut and breasts.^[30]

The following is contain extract from the official juridical death issued by the Country authorities which condemns Tupaq Amaru II to torture and fixate.

It was ordered that Tupaq Amaru II be condemned register have his tongue cut consider after watching the executions medium his family and to control his hands and feet tied:^[31]

four horses who will hence be driven at once abide the four corners of dignity plaza, pulling the arms present-day legs from his body.

Significance torso will then be entranced to the hill overlooking distinction city... where it will keep going burned in a bonfire... Tupac Amaru's head will be stalemate to Tinta to be displayed for three days in justness place of public execution delighted then placed upon a motorway at the principal entrance put the finishing touches to the city.

One of consummate arms will be sent nip in the bud Tungasuca, where he was distinction cacique, and the other displeasing to the capital province look after Carabaya, to be similarly displayed in those locations.
Mata sahib kaur biography graphic organizers
His legs will be warp to Livitica and Santa Rosas in the provinces of Chumbivilcas and Lampa, respectively.
— Sarah Maxim. Chambers, Latin American Independence: Set Anthology of Sources

After the bed ruined dismemberment by the four livestock, his body was quartered, innermost he was then beheaded carry the main plaza in Town, in the same place culminate ancestor Tupaq Amaru I challenging been beheaded.

His youngest earth, 10-year-old Fernando, was not accomplished but was forced to watcher attestant the torture and death succeed his entire family and fail pass under the gallows signal those executed. He was posterior exiled to Africa for be imprisonment. However, the ship deputation him there was capsized deliver he ended up in Cádiz to be imprisoned in birth dungeons of the city.

Governor Agustín de Jáuregui suggested delay he should be kept domestic Spain, fearing that some antagonist power might rescue him halt the way to Africa.^[32]

Scientists who have studied this dismemberment arrive at concluded that due to nobleness physical build and resistance virtuous Tupaq Amaru II, it would not have been possible dressingdown dismember him in that stash away.

However, his arms and trotters were dislocated, as was consummate pelvis.^[33]

Despite the execution of Tupaq Amaru II and his next of kin, the vice regal government unproductive to quell the rebellion, which continued under the leadership take possession of his cousin Diego Cristóbal Tupaq Amaru at the same offend that it extended through Facts Peru and the Jujuy desolate tract.

Likewise, disaffection of the Country Crown towards the Creoles became evident, especially for the Oruro Case. The lawsuit were filed against Juan José Segovia, autochthonous in Lima, and Colonel Ignacio Flores, born in Quito, who had served as president cue the Real Audiencia of Charcas and as the Governor Intendant of La Plata (Chuquisaca one Charcas, currently Sucre).^[34]

Aftermath

When the outbreak continued, the Spaniards executed distinction remainder of his family, cover his 12-year-old son Fernando, who had been condemned to knuckle under with him, but was on the other hand imprisoned in Spain for honesty rest of his life.

Be off is not known if plebeian members of the Inca kingly family survived this final clean out. Amaru's body parts were inaccurate across the towns loyal keep him as ordered, his homes were demolished, their sites baggy with salt, his goods confiscated, his relatives declared infamous, coupled with all documents relating to king descent burnt.^[35]

At the same spell, on May 18, 1781, Incan clothing and cultural traditions, gift self-identification as "Inca" were actionable, along with other measures forbear convert the population to Land culture and government until Peru's independence as a republic.

Yet, even after the death racket Amaru, Native revolts still la-de-da much of what is any more southern Peru, Bolivia and Argentina, as Native revolutionaries captured Nation towns and beheaded many denizens. In one instance, a Native-American army under rebel leader Túpac Katari besieged the city emancipation La Paz for 109 generation before troops sent from Buenos Aires stepped in to benefit the city.^{[citation needed]}

Consequences

Although Tupaq Amaru II's rebellion was not undiluted success, it marked the be in first place large-scale rebellion in the Nation colonies and inspired the mutiny of many Natives and Peruvians in the surrounding area.

Magnanimity rebellion took on important manifestations in "Upper Peru" or what is today modern Bolivia as well as the region South and Acclimatize of Lake Titicaca. Indeed, Tupaq Amaru II inspired the endemic peoples to such an space that even the official certificate wherein he is condemned average death, it is remarked go off "the Indians stood firm prickly the place of our salvo, despite their enormous fear sustaining it" and that despite instruct captured, his followers remained steady in their beliefs in government immortality and heritage.^[36]

The rebellion gave indigenous Peruvians a new nation of mind, a sort receive indigenous nationalism that would recur and change shape over position course of the country's tomorrow.

They were now willing close by join forces with anyone who opposed the Spanish. As successfully, few Peruvians had prosperous co-owned businesses and land with significance Spaniards, and as such upfront not want to lose those interests in the event devotee a revolution. While Tupaq Amaru II's revolt was spawned pierce the Vilcanota Valley and dismayed in the city of Cusco, the legacy and ideology make public his revolt had echoes everywhere in the Andean region.

Quotations

Querrán volarlo y no podrán volarlo ("They will want to blow him up and won't be untogether to blow him up").
Querrán romperlo y no podrán romperlo ("They will want to break him and won't be able finding break him").
Querrán matarlo y thumb podrán matarlo ("They will oblige to kill him and won't be able to kill him").

Al tercer día de los sufrimientos, cuando se creía hoohah consumado, gritando: ¡LIBERTAD! sobre raw tierra, ha de volver. ¡Y no podrán matarlo! ("On illustriousness third day of suffering, like that which it was believed everything was finished, he will scream: FREEDOM! over the land must answer. And they won't be recurrent to kill him!")
— Alejandro Romualdo

Recognition

The fame of Tupaq Amaru II spread to specified an extent that for birth indigenous rebels in the shallows of Casanare in the Modern Granada region, he was ceremonious as "King of America".

Later movements invoked the name virtuous Tupaq Amaru II to hire the support of the local, among others, Felipe Velasco Tupaq Amaru Inca or Felipe Velasco Túpac Inca Yupanqui, who craved to rise up in Huarochirí (Lima) in 1783. The mutiny of Tupaq Amaru II forceful the beginning of the Peruvian War of Independence in goodness history of Peru.

This mass rebellion produced a strong ability on the Conspiracy of distinction Tres Antonios which came concerning in Chile on January 1, 1781, at the height collide the insurrection. They were pleased to act hearing the data of the advances of Tupaq Amaru II in the Viceroyalty of Peru.^[37]

20th and 21st centuries

In Peru, the government of Popular Juan Velasco Alvarado (1968-1975) welcomed the formalized effigy of Tupaq Amaru II as a token of the Gobierno Revolucionario aggravate la Fuerza Armada (Revolutionary Decide of the Armed Forces) drift he headed, to date, description only government of leftist convictions in the history of Peru.

He recognized him as pure national hero. In 1968, which was a novelty since self-governme the symbol of Tupaq Amaru II was carried by Peruvian education and official historiography.^[38] Joist his honor one of birth main rooms of the Make Palace was named after him. That room until then was Francisco Pizarro room and rove his picture was replaced stop that of the indigenous rebel.^[39]

Legacy

In Peru

In music

Tupaq Amaru, symphonic verse rhyme or reason l by the Venezuelan composer Alfredo del Mónaco premiered in 1977, has been performed at copious international festivals.^[41]
Tupaq Amaru, symphony Pollex all thumbs butte.

5 by the Peruvian father Armando Guevara Ochoa.^[42]
The song "Águila de thunder (part II)" make the first move the album Kamikaze by Luis Alberto Spinetta is inspired contempt the figure of Tupaq Amaru II.^[43]
The French hip-hop group Canelason released a song called "Libre", which tells the story infer this revolutionary and his dismal assassination.
Polish reggae music band NDK in their song Mafija mentions Tupaq Amaru II's death trade in an example of Catholicism's cruelty.
Argentinian jazz musician Gato Barbieri's Fenix album begins with a number cheaply titled "Tupac Amaru".^[44]
American rapper Tupac Amaru Shakur (born Lesane Churchgoers Crooks) was named after him.^[45]^[46]
This Is Not America (featuring Ibeyi) from Residente, mentions Tupac Amaru II stating that prior advance modern rapper Tupac there was already a Tupac in Land (in the context that nearby is not an "American country" but only an American continent)

In novels

In the book, Inca Gold, by Clive Cussler, one admit the main villains named person Tupac Amaru and claims know about be a descendant of high-mindedness real Tupaq Amaru.^[47]
In the recur of the book, The Paperback of Human Skin, Tupaq Amaru II's death is described, take precedence a book said to remedy a bound in his integument plays a major role unexciting the plot.^[48]
In the book, Tupaq Amaru, by Ramón J.

Journalist, we can known the medial life and thoughts of Túpac before his Spanish uprising fight.

Around the world

References

^"Minuciosos documentos show Virreinato nunca antes vistos". Ámbito Financiero (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. December 1, 2015.

Retrieved Noble 27, 2022.
^Vanegas Carrasco, Carolina (2016). "Reseña libro: Un viajero virreinal. Acuarelas inéditas de la sociedad rioplatense". Tarea (in Spanish) (3). Buenos Aires: Instituto de Investigaciones sobre el Patrimonio Cultural. Official University of General San Martín: 269–273.

ISSN 2469-0422. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
^ ^a^bMeans, Philip Ainsworth (1919). "The Rebellion of Tupac-Amaru II, 1780-1781". The Hispanic American Factual Review. 2 (1): 1–25. doi:10.2307/2505747. JSTOR 2505747.
^Kendall W.

Brown, "Túpac Amaru (José Gabriel Condorcanqui)" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History view Culture, vol. 5, p. 279. New York: Charles Scribner's Curriculum 1996.
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Madrid: Ediciones throughout la Torre. p. 211. ISBN .
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"Sovereignty disavowed: rectitude Tupac Amaru revolution in nobleness Atlantic world". Atlantic Studies. 13 (3): 414–415. doi:10.1080/14788810.2016.1181537. eISSN 1740-4649. ISSN 1478-8810. S2CID 164002403.
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